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ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT GLOSSARY
Acupressure A traditional Chinese medicine technique which involves placing physical pressure by hand on specific energy points on the body. Acupuncture A process of inserting needles into specific targets to balance yin and yang to regulate qi to correct, restore and/or optimize health. The western definition is that acupuncture points stimulate the brain to release chemicals which affect the nerves, muscles and immune system. See www.aaom.org Acupuncturist A person who is trained and credentialed to perform acupuncture. Alternative Therapy A treatment used instead of conventional cancer treatment. Aromatherapy The belief that certain aromas can be stimulating and calming. Most aromatherapy uses essential oils from plants and herbs. Art Therapy Uses a creative process to allow awareness and expression of emotions when it is otherwise difficult to do so. See www.arttherapy.org Biofeedback Uses electrical monitoring devices to document changes in bodily functions as a result of increased relaxation. Once this process is learned, the patient is then able to self-regulate behavior without the use of the electrical devices. See www.aapb.org CAM An abbreviation for complimentary and alternative medicine. Ch' i (pronouced chee) Also is spelled qi and is the flow of energy which is influenced by the opposing forces of yin and yang. Chiropractic Therapy A treatment primarily focused on the spine and the manual manipulation of the body's musculoskeletal system. See www.amerchiro.org Complimentary Treatments A treatment used in addition to conventional cancer treatment. Dance Therapy Is a therapy to allow the expression of feelings with the goal of building self-esteem and restoring balance between the mind and body. See www.adta.org Electroacupuncture Is the use of electrical current to stimulate specific target sites which restore the flow of energy balance. Focused Breathing Techniques used to promote diaphragmatic breathing which is associated with decreased stress, a sensation of calmness and relaxation. Folk Medicine A set of beliefs and traditions, typically handed down from generation to generation, practiced by a specific group or culture. Guided Imagery A technique of diverting mental attention to create images evoke physical changes of relaxation and promote healing processes. See www.healthy.net/agi Herbal Medicine Chinese medicine uses natural material from plants, animals or minerals to introduce certain qualities into the body to balance what the illness may have disrupted. Herbs Are naturally occurring substances in nature that are used to balance and/or heal the body. See www.herbalgram.org Holistic A term used to describe the "whole" of a person which includes the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual parts. Homeopathic Medicine Natural remedies are matched to a patients set of symptoms. Proponents of this type of medicine believe that modern medical treatment weakens the body's ability to heal itself. See www.homeopathic.org Hypnosis Is a process of receiving instructions to enter into deep concentration characterized by an altered psychological state and minimal motor functioning. The goal is to enter into the unconscious mind which is believed more likely to accept suggestion. Macrobiotic Diet A diet based on the Eastern philosophy of yin and yang. The goal is to achieve balance through healthy lifestyle and diet. The diet consists of whole grains, vegetables, beans, soup, fish, seasonal fruits and nuts all planned to meet specific health needs. See www.macrobiotics.org Massage Therapeutic massage is the manual stroking, kneading or tapping the body's tissue to decrease muscle tension, improve circulation and general relaxation. The massage therapist should be licensed. Massage therapy is generally safe for cancer patients but it is important to consult with a physician prior to starting massage therapy. See www.amtamassage.org Meditation Is the intentional self-regulation of one's attention. There are two types of meditation: concentrative methods which one uses repeated phrases and mindfulness-based stategies which start with the observations of thought, emotions and sensations without judgement to improve awareness. See www. Music Therapy The controlled use of music by a music therapist to reduce anxiety and depression. See www.musictherapy.org Naturopathic Medicine Also know as Natural Medicine, integrates natural therapeutics such as botanical medicine with traditional Oriental medicine, hydrotherapy and naturopathic manipulative techniques with modern scientific medical tests and standards of care. Nutritionist A health care professional that is an expert in the field of nutrition. The nutritionist is able give advice and plan healthy diets for patients with disease. Oriental Medicine Also referred to as Chinese medicine which is derived from Chinese religion. Both have similar concepts of the Tao (the way), yin and yang, the universal energy ch' i , and the five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal and water. Physical Therapist A health care professional that specializes in muscle development and motor coordination. They plan exercise programs and give advice on sports and activities. The physical therapist may use ultrasound, water therapy, massage, or other methods to improve joints and muscles. Polarity Therapy A treatment understanding and using the body's energy fields to promote balance and relaxation. See www.polaritytherapy.org Progressive Muscle Relaxation Involves training in deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation exercises and the use of imagery. Qi (pronounced chee) In Eastern Medicine, qi is the flow of energy and is influenced by the opposing forces of yin and yang. Qi Gong An ancient Chinese form of exercise which combines movement exercise, breathing and meditation. Quackery The deliberate misrepresentation of the ability of a substance or device for the prevention or treatment of disease. Quackery also applies to persons who pretend to be able to diagnose or heal people but are unqualified and incompetent. Reflexology Is a touch therapy that is based on the belief that there are reflex points or energy points in the body. By skillful manipulation of these points, the body systems are facilitated into greater balance. Reiki (pronounced ray-kee) A touch therapy to restore the balance of energy in the body. Performed by a trained Reiki practitioner on a clothed individual which only involves very light touch. Rolfing A nickname based on the founder, Ida Rolf for a holistic system of soft tissue manipulation. See www.rolf.org Shiatsu Is the Japanese version of acupressure. Shi means finger and atsu means pressure. It is a process of holding and releasing various pressure points. Social Work Services Are services providing assistance and counseling to patients and their families by social workers in dealing with social emotional, and environmental problems associated with illness or disabilities, often in the context of discharge planning coordinator. Social Worker A professional trained to talk with people and their families about emotional or physical needs, and to find them support services. Society of Integrative Oncology Founded in 2003 by a group of well-respected, traditionally trained western oncologists with the fundamental goal of improving cancer care through scientifically based integrative practice. The mission of this organization is to promote research in this area and to promote the integration of CAM therapies into the practice of traditional oncology. See www.integrativeonc.org Spiritual Healing Religion, prayer and spiritual practices have shown to bring comfort and are important to part of one's well-being. Supplements A variety of compounds which includes vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Tai Chi An ancient Eastern practice of movement to balance the body and the mind. TENS Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation is a therapy commonly used to treat chronic pain syndromes. Electrodes are placed in specific target areas to stimulate nerve pathways. This is most commonly performed by a physical therapist or certified pain specialist. Therapeutic Touch Has its roots in the ancient tradition of laying on of hands whereby a practitioner transfers energy to depleted areas in an effort to balance energy and promote healing. See www.therapeutic-touch.org Vegan Diet A vegetarian diet but in addition, excludes all animal products. Vegetarian Diet A diet that does not include meat, fish or poultry. Some vegetarians eat eggs and dairy products. Yin and Yang In Chinese Medicine, these are believed to be the major forces of the universe. These forces are opposite and when balance is attained, health is optimized. Yoga Is the practice of controlling all aspects of one life to attain good health which includes a simple diet, outdoor exercise, a tranquil mind and an awareness of one's creator. Many types of yoga exist and are practiced in a variety of ways. CANCER GLOSSARY
A In-Vivo means within the living body. Ablative Iodine (I-131) Therapeutic doses of radioactive iodine with the aim of destroying all remaining thyroid tissues. Acute means sudden or severe. acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) a type of leukemia, or cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissue, where many abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) are produced by the body. acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) a type of leukemia, or cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissue, where many abnormal granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) are produced by the body. Adjuvant-Chemotherapy chemotherapy given as an "add-on" to primary cancer treatment, as in surgery or radiotherapy. Adriamycin A trade name for doxorubicin (see entry). Age-Adjusted-Mortality-Rate Age is a very important factor in determining mortality, for example people tend to get different cancers at different ages. To compare the mortality rates of two or more populations, differences in the age distributions of the population are removed by using an age-adjusted rate. allogeneic transplantation a procedure where cells, tissue, or organs are transplanted to a person from a compatible donor. Allogenic-Bone-Marrow-Transplant Healthy marrow is taken from a matched donor and used to replace the patients own marrow. The donor may be a relative, if the patient has a twin this may be the best match, otherwise a brother, sister, or another unrelated person may donate marrow. alopecia a skin disease in which there is hair loss on the scalp and sometimes elsewhere on the body. alternative therapy any healing practices that are not part of mainstream medicine — that means any practice that is not widely taught in medical schools or frequently used by doctors or in hospitals. Alternative medicine is often used instead of conventional medical techniques. anaplastic or anaplasia when tumor cells no longer resemble the tissue from which they originated; also referred to as “poorly differentiated” or “undifferentiated” cells Anemia below normal levels of erythrocytes (red blood cells) causing a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. anesthesia the use of medicine to prevent the feeling of pain or sensation during surgery or other procedures that might be painful. anesthesiologist a physician who specializes in giving and managing anesthetics, medications that numb an area of the body or help a person fall and stay asleep for surgical procedures or diagnostic tests. Anesthesiologists also help with the treatment and management of chronic pain. angiogram a type of X-ray, using a special dye, that helps show blood vessels and blood flow. It's also used to identify certain kinds of tumors. Antibody A molecule produced by lymphocytes in response to stimulation by an antigen. Antibodies bind to antigens, causing the cells bearing the antigens to clump together. These clumps are then destroyed by other blood cells. anticipatory grief grief we experience prior to a pet’s death as we anticipate our impending loss Antigen Any substance capable of stimulating a specific immune response (i.e., a specific antibody) in the body. apheresis a procedure that involves removing blood, separating it into plasma, platelets, and leukocytes, and removing the blood part that is causing a particular disease or condition. The remaining blood parts are then re-transfused into the person. Aplastic-Anemia anemia that is resistant to treatment; often accompanied by deficiencies of other blood cells. Aspirate to suck fluids out of a cavity eg bone marrow aspiate astrocyte a cell located in the brain. astrocytoma a tumor of the brain that originates from astrocytes. Autologous-Bone-Marrow-Transplant (ABMT) A process in which a patient's healthy bone marrow is withdrawn and preserved. It is later injected back into the patient to replace bone marrow damaged by high doses of radiation therapy. It can then produce healthy blood cells. This treatment is used to offset the detrimental effects of high-dose radiation used in certain types of cancer. Autosome Any non-sex-determining chromosome; in humans there are 22 pairs of autosomes. B Barium-Enema A barium enema (or "lower GI series") is procedure that uses a barium sulfate enema followed by an X-ray to view the colon and rectum. Barium sulfate is a chalky chemical that appears white on X-ray film thus showing the lining of the colon. This helps identify any abnormalities which usually appear darker on the X-rays. Sometimes air can also be pumped into the intestine in order to sharpen the image. Basal-Cell-Carcinoma This is where the basal cells become cancerous; basal cells are found in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin). This is the most common type of skin cancer which is usually highly curable when detected early. B-Cells Lymphocytes responsible for humeral (fluid based) immunity and antibody production. Benign Not cancerous - not spreading, usually a more mild disease. Non-malignant. benign tumors tumors composed of abnormal cells that are not malignant and do not invade or replace normal tissues benign a term used to describe tumors that are slow-growing, noncancerous, and do not spread to surrounding tissue. bilateral found on both sides of the body; when referring to cancer, it means cancer found in paired organs (for example, in both kidneys). biologic response modifiers substances that help the immune system fight cancer, lessen side effects from cancer treatments, and fight infections and other diseases. biologic therapy see immunotherapy. Biological-Therapy Cancer treatment that uses natural substances or substances made in a laboratory to stimulate or restore the ability of the body's immune system to fight disease. Interferon and interleukin-2 therapies are examples. Therapies such as these are often used in conjunction with other treatments. Also called immunotherapy. Biopsy This is the removal of a small section of the tumors, the sample will be analyzed by a histopathologist in order to establish a precise diagnosis. Surgical procedure. This may be a needle biopsy, where a very fine needle is used to take a tiny sample of the tumors. Occasionally a surgeon may remove the whole tumor prior to diagnosis; a resection biopsy. blast cell an immature blood cell that grows into a red blood cell, white blood cell, or platelet. Blastoma. A tumor composed of very immature cells. blood banking blood banks collect and store blood that healthy people donate. The bank keeps blood ready in case someone needs it because of an accident or surgery. blood plasma a yellowish liquid that carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body. blood the naturally produced fluid in the body that is made up of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body; white blood cells, which fight infections; platelets, which help stop bleeding; and plasma, a yellowish liquid that carries nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body. bone marrow transplant (BMT) a procedure that involves replacing unhealthy bone marrow with healthy bone marrow cells from a donor. Bone-Marrow The spongy material that fills the inner spaces of the bones. It is the place where many blood elements, such as red blood cells, are produced. High doses of radiation can destroy bone marrow during cancer treatment. Bone-Marrow-Transplant A procedure in which a section of bone marrow is taken from one person and transplanted into another. It is used to replace bone marrow that has been damaged or diseased. It can be a treatment option in leukemia. Brachytherapy A type of radiation therapy is which radioactive materials are placed in direct contact with the tissue being treated. Breast Self-Exam (BSE) A method for women to check their breasts for changes in appearance or feel. This can help detect breast cancer at a more early stage, should it develop. Breast-Cancer Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women aged between 35 to 54, incidence has increased such that 1 in 9 women develop breast cancer in the USA. The most common type of breast cancer that found in the cells of the breast ducts, other types include those of the lobes, and inflammatory breast cancer. Between 5 and 10% of breast cancers are known to be hereditary, women with the defective BRCA1 gene are more likely to develop breast or ovarian cancer. Burkitt's lymphoma A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that most often occurs in young people between the ages of 12 and 30. The disease usually causes a rapidly growing tumor in the abdomen. C Cachexia The rapid loss of weight along with fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite. This can be a serious problem for patients with advanced cancer. CAM short for "complementary and alternative medicine." cancer cachexia a state of accelerated starvation caused by cancer’s takeover of the energy-generating pathways in the body cancer care team a group of different medical specialists and health care professionals who help a patient through the challenges of dealing with cancer. cancer cells cells that grow and divide uncontrollably, which may spread quickly throughout the body, making someone sick. Cancer. The malignant uncontrolled growth of cells, that left untreated would be fatal. Cancers have the capacity to metastasize, or form secondary tumors at other sites Cancer is not a single disease but a wide range of different diseases of which there well over a hundred types. Cancers can be classified into two broad types: hematological (malignancies of the blood / bone marrow) or solid tumors. The name of the cancer depends on the type of tissue and/or site it develops from. carcinogen cancer-causing agents that affect the DNA and RNA of cells, leading to uncontrolled growth and development of a tumor carcinogen substances that can cause cancer, such as tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis The production of cancer Carcinoma. A malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue (cells of the glands and the outer layer of skin that lines blood vessels, hollow organs and the body's orifices). carcinomas malignant tumors that originate from that line various organs, glands and comprise part of the skin. Cardiotoxicity damage to the heart : is associated with certain anti cancer drugs, especially Adriamycin. As such the total dose of these drugs may be limited to reduce the risk of cardio toxicity. cartilage products substances derived from cartilage of cattle and sharks Case-Contro-Study is where cases are compared to controls, in order to avoid bias the controls are matched for factors such as age and sex. The aim is to investigate possible associations between certain factors and risk of disease. For example a study investigating smoking and the risk of lung cancer.
CAT scan (also called CT scan) a type of X-ray in which a machine rotates around the patient and creates a picture of the inside of the body from different angles. Regular X-rays show bones and other areas of the body, but CAT scans show much more detail. Cell-Differentiation is where normal cells go through physical changes in order to form the different specialized tissues of the body. Malignant cells may range from well-differentiated (closely resembling the tissue of origin) or undifferentiated or anaplastic (bearing little similarity to the tissue of origin). In general it is the undifferentiated or anaplastic histology's which are more aggressive.
cells the basic components or "building blocks" of the human body. cerebrospinal fluid a clear, colorless liquid that delivers nutrients to and "cushions" the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system). Cervical-Cancer Cervical cancer is a common type of malignancy accounting for about 6% of all cancers found in women. It is a disease in which cancerous cells develop in the uterine cervix (this is the connecting passage between the uterus and vagina). The peak incidence of cervical cancer occurs between the ages of 40 to 55. It is rare before the age of 35, however the incidence of cervical cancer in younger women rose dramatically during the two decades after 1960. Regular Pap smear tests may detect abnormal changes in the cervical tissues, before cancer develops. Symptoms of cervical cancer may include vaginal bleeding after intercourse or bleeding between periods. However, in the early stages of the disease there are often no obvious signs or symptoms, so regular smear tests are important. cesium or colbalt therapy another term for radiation therapy chemotherapy resistance a tumor’s lack of responsiveness to some or all chemotherapy drugs Chemotherapy. The treatment of diseases such as cancer with drug therapy Since the 1960's the development and use of drugs has dramatically improved the prognosis for many types of cancer. Chemo- means chemicals, for most types of cancer chemotherapy will consist of a number of different drugs, this is known as combination chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may be given in a variety of ways; Intravenously (IV) -into a vein is the most common, Intramuscularly (IM) -injection into a muscle, Orally -by mouth, Subcutaneously (SC) -injection under the skin, Intralesionally (IL) -directly into a cancerous area, Intrathecally (IT)-into the fluid around the spine, Topically -medication will be applied onto the skin. Childhood-Cancer Childhood cancer is rare, about 1 in every 600 children aged under 15 develop cancer, still very little is known about it's causes. Compared with adult cancers they tend to have different histologies and occur in different sites of the body. Common adult cancers such as lung, breast, colon, and stomach are extremely rare among children. On the other hand some types of cancer are almost exclusively found in children, especially embryonal tumors which arise from cells associated with the foetus, embryo, and early postnatal period. The overall cure rate for childhood cancer has drastically improved over the last 2 decades in association with clinical trials and the development of new treatments chiropractic medicine a medical treatment using manipulation that focuses on the relationship between the spine and nervous system Chondrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma is a cancer arising in cartilage cells, it occurs mostly in adults, it is rare in those aged under 20 with 70% of cases occurring between ages 50-75. Rare sub-types include mesenchymal chondrosarcoma which is more common in those aged under 40; Clear cell chondrosarcoma (around 2% of cases); and Dedifferenting chondrosarcoma (a rare tumor which transforms from low grade to a high grade sarcoma). Chromosome Structures in the cell nucleus which contain the genes responsible for heredity. Normal human cells contain twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. One of each pair is inherited separately from a person's father and mother Chronic Long lasting or slowly progressing. chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) a relatively rare type of leukemia, or cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissue, in which too many white blood cells are created in the bone marrow. clinical pathology a veterinary specialist trained to examine, identify, and analyze under the microscope small number of cells from a needle biopsy Clinical-Trial Research conducted with patients, usually to evaluate a new treatment. Each trial is designed to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to treat individuals with a specific disease. Many times cancer patients can receive new, experimental treatments by participating in a clinical trial. Colony-Stimulating-Factors CFS) encourage production of white blood cells. G-CSF stimulates granulocytes, and GM-CSF stimulates granulocytes and monocytes. Substances produced naturally by the body and recently also synthetically which stimulate the production of certain blood cells. Examples are G-CSF, GM-CSF, various ÒinterleukinsÓ, stem cell factor (or steel factor), erythropoietin, etc. Colorectal-Cancer is the second most common type of cancer, and accounts for almost 80% of cancers of the digestive tract. The vast majority of colon and rectum cancers are adenocarcinomas, around 10% of these are mucinous (protein contained in mucus). Surgery is the main form of treatment, though modest benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy have been demonstrated. The median age at diagnosis is 70, age adjusted incidence rates are slightly higher in males compared to females. A substantial proportion of cases are in those with a genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer. Diet may also have an influence on the incidence of colorectal cancer, dietary fiber, retinoids, and calcium are thought to be protective, while high intake of animal fats may increases risk. Colorectal cancer may develop from benign polyps (a polyp is a tumoron a stem most commonly found on mucous membranes). Screening of high risk populations (for those over age 50, particularly those with a 1st degree relative diagnosed with colorectal cancer, or familial predispostion to adenomatous polyposis) may be of benefit in detecting colorectal cancer at an early stage. Colposcopy Visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina by inserting a magnifying instrument called a colposcope complementary therapy medical treatment options that are outside the realm of conventional, accepted, proven treatments complementary therapy the use of alternative treatments together with conventional therapies. Complementary medicine is used in addition to conventional medicine, not as a replacement. complete blood count (CBC) a laboratory procedure to determine the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood complete blood count (CBC) a common blood test that evaluates the three major types of cells in the blood computed tomography scan (also called CT scan) see CAT scan. Computed-Tomography (CT-Scan) Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) makes a cross-sectional x-ray picture of a "slice" of the body. The machine rotates around the patient taking x-rays from different angles, the images are then processed by a computer. computerized tomography (CT) scan a diagnostic scanning process that uses computer technology to produced images of cross sections through the body cord blood blood taken from the umbilical cord after a baby is born. Cord blood can be collected and stored to supply the same kinds of blood-forming (hematopoietic) stem cells as a bone marrow donor. core biopsy a procedure in which a doctor uses a hollow needle to remove a small amount of tissue from a lymph node or other body tissue. cremains the ashes that remain after the body has been cremated Cross-sectional Studies are studies that are carried out at just one point in time. cryosurgery the freezing of tumor cells in a controlled area by applying liquid nitrogen CT or CAT (computed axial tomographic) scan an x-ray imaging procedure that uses a computer to produce a series of detailed pictures of an area of the body CT scan (also called CAT scan) see CAT scan. Cutaneous-T-Cell-lymphoma A rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that first appears on the skin, then later spreads to the lymph nodes and organs. Also called mycosis fungoides. cycle regular intervals of chemotherapy drugs Cyst A fluid filled sac or cavity. Cytokines Also known as colony stimulating factors cytology the examination of cells or fluid under a microscope to diagnose disease Cytotoxic a substance which kills or damage cells. D debulking the surgical removal of as much of a tumor as possible to decrease the number of tumor cells in the body Demography The study of populations, especially with reference to population size, density, fertility, mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics, and the interaction of all these with social and economic conditions Diverticulosis A condition in which a person has small sacs or pouch in the walls of a canal or organ, such as the stomach or intestine. These sacs can become inflamed to cause diverticulitis and can be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. DNA This abbreviation stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the component of the chromosomes that carries the genetic code Dose-Intensity In chemotherapy, the total amount of drug delivered in a one-week period. Can be given all at once or over a period of several days. Doxorubicin doxorubicin hydrochloride: An antibiotic used to treat several forms of cancer. Also known as Adriamycin. Drug-Resistance is where tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapy. Some tumor cells will be chemo-sensitive and are killed by anticancer drugs; the cells that remain are likely to be more resistant. Thus by selection it is the most resistant cells survive and divide, they may be resistant to a particular drug, a class of drugs, or all drugs dry or moist desquamation changes in the skin following radiation therapy that resemble sun burn Dysplasia The abnormal pathological development of cells, indicating possible malignancy dyspnea difficulty breathing in which a person feels short of breath. E Echocardiogram is where an image of the heart is formed when high frequency sound waves are reflected from the muscles of the heart. An echocardiogram may be done before treatment starts to establish a baseline from which to compare future tests. edema swelling in areas such as the feet and legs and the area around the eyes that is caused by excess fluid buildup in the tissues. Endoprosthesis an artificial replacement that is fitted inside the body e.g. a metal prosthesis that replaces the thigh bone in limb sparing surgery.
endoscope a thin, flexible tube containing fibers that transmit light; used to visualize the inside surfaces of the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the lower urinary tract endoscopic biopsy a small representative sample of abnormal tissue removed via an endoscope Enteral-Feeding A method of nutrition delivery where fluid is given directly into the gastrointestinal tract. Enucleation Removing the entire eyeball - this operation may be used for advanced stage or large ocular tumors. For some smaller malignant tumors laser treatment may be used (in conjunction with chemotherapy) in which the eye can be salvaged. eosinophil a type of white blood cell classified as a granulocyte. Eosinophils tend to increase to fight allergic reactions. ependymoma a tumor that usually begins in the lining of the brain ventricles. The brain has four ventricles, or cavities, that are pathways for cerebrospinal fluid, a liquid that cushions the brain and spine and protects them from trauma. Epidemiology The study of the distribution and causes of diseases in a population. Epidermis The outermost layer of the skin. Melanocytes, basal cells, and squamous cells are found in the epidermis. Overexposure of the epidermis to ultraviolet rays from the sun can lead to skin cancer. epithelial cells originating from the epithelium, the tissue covering the skin and all the glandular tissue of the body; epithelial tissue also lines the airways (trachea, bronchi), the mouth, the urinary and genital orifices, and the gastrointestinal tract esophagostomy tube a soft rubber feeding tube surgically placed through the side of the neck into the esophagus, maintained to allow food to bypass the mouth euthanasia the peaceful ending of a pet’s life through the administration of an overdose of anesthesia. Euthanasia is performed when a pet can no longer be kept comfortable Ewing's-Sarcoma Ewing's sarcoma is most common in children and young adults. The most frequent sites are the pelvis, femur, tibia, and fibula, around a fifth of patients have metastases at diagnosis usually in the lungs or other other bones. Ewing's tumorss are more frequently found in the diaphysis (mid-shaft) part of the bone. Ewing's sarcoma can sometimes be restricted to soft tissue (Extraosseos Ewing's sarcoma). There is a spectrum of pathology ranging from 'classical' Ewing's which are negative for neural markers; to PNET (peripheral neuroectodermal tumorss) which are stongly positive. excisional biopsy removal of an entire tumor with the border of normal tissue on all side – the “block” of tissue is then submitted for analysis excisional biopsy a procedure in which the doctor opens the skin to remove an entire lump, tumor, or suspicious area for purposes of diagnosis. external radiation radiation therapy that usually involves visiting the hospital or treatment center as outpatients 4-5 days a week for several weeks, coming in just for the treatment and going home right after. Extraosseous exclusively soft tissue - no bone involvement F Fanconi-Anemia Not cancerous. Fanconi Anaemia is a rare disorder found in children that involves the blood and bone marrow. The symptoms include pancytopenia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and patchy discoloration of the skin. This is an recessive condition, affected children usually develop severe aplastic anemia by age 8 to 9 years. Treatment usually consists of bone marrow transplant. Febrile means with fever Fecal-Occult-Blood-Test A test for small traces of blood in stool samples which would not be visible with the naked eye (also know as the "stool guaiac" or "haemoccult" test) fine needle aspirate removal of cells from a tumor by way of a hollow needle and syringe – cells are then analyzed by a veterinary clinical pathologist; this procedure is also called needle biopsy Five-Year-Survival A term commonly used as the statistical basis for successful treatment. A patient with cancer is generally considered cured after five or more years without recurrence of the disease Flow-Cytometry A procedure used to evaluate the risk of recurrence of certain cancers by measuring the amount of DNA in cells. An abnormal amount (either too much to too little) may indicate a recurrence. This sophisticated technique, which measures DNA in just minutes, can help predict the recurrence of breast, prostate, and bladder cancers. Fluorescein-Angiography The process of taking X-rays of blood vessels that have been injected with a special dye. The dye allows to person viewing the X-ray to see the blood vessels. Follow-up When treatment is complete the periodic visits to the physician are needed to monitor the patient and ensure there has been no recurrence of the disease. Fractions (RT) the radiotherapy dose is divided into a number of smaller doses (known as fractions) to reduce the risk of side effects. There is normally one fraction per day. G gallium scan a diagnostic test that involves injecting a chemical called gallium to detect tumors and inflammation. gastrostomy tube (g-tube) a soft rubber feeding tube surgically placed from the outside of the body directly to the stomach, maintained to allow food to bypass the mouth and esophagus Gene Hereditary unit. Each gene carries the genetic code, or blue print, for a specific protein. Each human cell has about 80,000 genes, but most of these are not active in a given type of cell gene therapy a new and rapidly growing field of medicine that uses altered and engineered genes to correct specific disorders or genetic defects. genetic counseling involves studying family history, medical records, and genetics to evaluate and determine potential risk factors and disorders that might be inherited by a child. Genetic counseling can also provide clues as to how a disorder or disease can be prevented. genetic testing tests that determine whether someone carries genes for certain inherited disorders. Genetic tests are done by analyzing small samples of blood or body tissues. genetics the study of the way physical traits and characteristics get passed down from one generation to the next. This is also called heredity. Genetics includes the study of genes, which have a special code called DNA that determines what you will look like and whether you are likely to have certain illnesses. germ cell tumors tumors that begin in germ cells, or the reproductive cells in the body. germ cells reproductive cells that develop into sperm in males and eggs in females. grade how abnormal or aggressive a cancer is, as determined by biopsy; grade is often a number from 1-5, 1 being the “best,” or least abnormal, and 5 being the “worst,” but other grading schemes are sometimes used, so ask your vet to explain what the grade of a particular cancer means; the grade of malignancy along with its stage (see below), determines what treatment is best and give a general idea of the dog’s prognosis grade a grade for cancer that indicates how aggressive it is. The lower the grade, the less aggressive the cancer and the greater the chance for a cure. The higher the grade, the more aggressive the cancer and the harder it may be to cure. Granulocyte Type of white blood cell; includes the basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophil (or poly), which is the infection-fighting cell. growth factor a substance that effects how cells grow and divide. Growth factors are proteins produced naturally in the body, but some can be produced in a lab and used as part of immunotherapy. H Haematology The branch of medicine that specializes in the study and treatment of blood and blood tissues (including bone marrow). Haemoglobin The oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells; combines with oxygen from the lungs and carries it to the body's cells. Hamartoma A benign nodule / overgrowth of normal mature cells that are normally located in the affected part of the body, usually with one particular type of cell predominating. hematologist a doctor who specializes in blood disorders. hematopoietic cell a blood-forming cell (stem cell). hemoglobin a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen through the blood to different parts of the body. Hemorrhage Bleeding hepatoblastoma a type of liver cancer. herbal and botanical medicine products created from herbs and other plants that are used for medical purposes Histopathology the study of cells relating to the disease. (Histology is the microscopic study of cells and tissues, Pathology is the study of the disease). The histopathologist will determine a precise diagnosis by laboratory tests and microscopic examination of the cells. Hodgkin's-Disease A malignancy of the lymph tissue (lymphoma) that occurs most often in males, and the peak incidence is between ages 15 and 35. It is characterized by progressive, painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymph tissue. homeopathic medicine a treatment option involving very dilute remedies made from naturally occurring substances hospice care compassionate care administered to an animal patient prior to euthanasia but after cancer therapy stops working hospice a special type of care for people who are in the last phase of an illness. This type of care can be either inpatient or outpatient. Hypercalcemia the most common life-threatening metabolic disorder associated with neoplastic diseases, occurring in an estimated 10%-20% of all persons with cancer. Carcinomas of the breast, lung, head and neck, kidney, and certain hematologic malignancies, particularly multiple myeloma, are most frequently associated with hypocalcaemia. Hyperfractionated-Radiotherapy is where more than one radiotherapy fraction is given per day. Hypophosphataemia abnormally low levels of phosphate in the blood Hypoplasia incomplete / under development of a part of the body. I I-131 Radioactive Iodine. Iodine is readily up taken by the thyroid gland, therefore I-131 may be used in small doses for monitoring thyroid tissues (thyroid scanning or "I-131 challenge") or in large doses for treating thyroid cancer ("ablative" I-131). imaging studies safe and painless tests that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the body's organs and structures. Imaging studies for cancer include X-rays, CAT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. immune modulation therapy stimulation of the immune system in very specific ways to assist in killing cancer cells Immune-System The body system, made up of many organs and cells, that defends the body against infection, disease, and foreign substances. The immune system is often stimulated in specific ways to fight cancer cells. immunoaugmentive therapy an experimental cancer treatment that involves injecting blood products daily into the animal patient for the purpose of stimulating the pets immune system Immunosuppression The prevention or suppression of the immune system. For example some drugs may have the side effect of dampening the immune system making the patient prone to infections. Immunotherapy Treatment of disease by stimulating the body's own immune system. This is a type of therapy currently being researched as a treatment for cancer. implant in this case, radioactive material that is placed in or near cancer cells or a tumor to directly deliver radiation therapy. Incidence The number of occurrences of a given disease within a population. Cancer incidence is the number of new cases of cancer diagnosed in one year. Data on the incidence of cancer are kept by regional and national cancer registries. Incidence-Rate Calculated by dividing the number of new cases of a particular cancer during a given period of time by the number of people known to be at risk incisional biopsy a procedure in which the doctor opens the skin to remove a sample of suspicious tissue for purposes of diagnosis. Informed-Consent is where patients agree to a treatment or randomization to a clinical trial having a reasonable understanding of it. In-Situ In place; localized and confined to one area. In situ tumors are at an early stage of development, when the cancer cells are still confined to one layer of tissue. In situ cancers tend to have a high cure rate Interferon interferons: are Proteins produced by the body with the specific purpose of regulating cell functions. Interferons are produced in the laboratory in large quantities, and are sometimes used in the treatment of certain cancers. Interleukin-2 A hormone-like substance produced by the body (certain blood cells, specifically) that stimulates the growth of blood cells important to the body's immune system. internal radiation radiation therapy that usually requires a stay in the hospital for several days for careful monitoring. The radioactive material may be placed in small tubes that are implanted into the cancerous tumor or a body cavity, or swallowed or injected into the bloodstream. Intravenous (IV) means into a vein. invasive a cancer that spreads outward from its point of origin into adjacent tissues In-Vitro in an artificial environment. For example many cancer research experiments are in vitro (in the test tube), using cell cultures (cells grown in the lab); either from established cell lines or from material collected at biopsy/surgery. irradiation another term for radiation therapy J jejunostomy tube (J-tube) a soft rubber feeding tube surgically placed directly into the small intestine, maintained to allow food to bypass the mouth, esophagus, and stomach juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) a cancer in which too many immature blood cells are made in the bone marrow. JMML is rare and occurs more often in children younger than 2 years old. K L Laparoscopy A surgical procedure in which a tiny scope is inserted into the abdomen through a small incision. It is used for a variety of procedures, and often to diagnose disease of the fallopian tubes and pelvic cavity. Laser-Therapy Treatment using a powerful, focused beam of light that produces intense heat used to burn away cancerous or damaged tissue. Leukaemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood and blood-forming organs, characterized by over-proliferation and development of leukocytes (a type of white blood cell). There are many different forms of leukemia. leukocyte another word for white blood cell. There are many types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome A family cancer syndrome. limb-salvage surgery a procedure where a bone that has cancer is removed and the limb (usually an arm or leg) is saved from amputation by filling the gap with a bone graft or special metal rod. Lobe A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, brain or thyroid. Lobectomy Surgical resection of a lobe of an organ such as the liver or thyroid. Localised An invasive neoplasm confined entirely to the organ of origin locally invasive a tumor that can spread to the tissues surrounding it. Longitudanal Studies are studies where individuals are followed over time. A fixed population (cohort) may be monitored over a number of years.
lumbar puncture a procedure in which a small amount of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord (the cerebrospinal fluid) is removed and examined. See also spinal tap. Lumpectomy where only the lump and surrounding tissue is surgically removed. This is a less aggressive form of surgery than for example in mastectomy for breast cancer - where the whole breast is removed. lymph vessels vein-like structures that help carry lymph (a clear, watery fluid containing protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances) throughout the body. lymph a clear, watery fluid containing protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances that flows through its own vessels branching throughout the body. Lymph contains white blood cells, which are the germ fighters of the immune system. lymphangiogram (LAG) a medical test that uses injection of a dye and X-rays to examine the lymphatic system. Lymphatic-System The tissues and organs that produce and store the white blood cells used to fight infection. This includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. Lymphedema this is the accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces, principally in the subcutaneous fat, due to a defect in the lymphatic system. Lymph-Nodes These are small, bean-shaped organs that supply lymphoctyes (a type of white blood cell) to the bloodstream. They also filter out bacteria and other foreign substances from the lymph fluid that contains white blood cells. Lymph nodes (also called lymph glands) are located throughout the body. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that fights disease and infection by producing antibodies and other protective substances. There are 2 categories: a) B cells these recognize specific antigens and produce antibodies to combat them, and b) T cells which are produced in the lymph system, and work in conjunction with the immune system. lymphocytic leukemia a type of leukemia, or cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissue, that involves lymphocytes, white blood cells found in lymph nodes. Lymphoma. A general term form for any disease of the lymphatic tissue characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma. M Macrophage A type of white blood cell that assists in the body's fight against bacteria and infection by engulfing and destroying invading organisms. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a safe and painless test that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the body's organs and structures. Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging (MRI) A technique used to image internal structures of the body, particularly the soft tissues (muscles, organs, tendons, etc.). An MRI image is often superior to a normal X-ray image. Malignancy The tendency of certain diseases to become progressively worse. A malignancy is often resistant to treatment and can result in death. Malignant Cancerous, spreading malignant tumors tumors that invade other tissues or destroy and replace normal cells mammary tumors are most commonly found in older female dogs who are either not spayed or who were spayed at an older age Mammogram A screening and diagnostic technique that uses low-dose x-rays to find tumors in the breast. manoma or melanosarcomael a benign or malignant growth of the pigmented cells of the skin and mouth, common in the dog but rare in the cat; the malignant version of this tumor, called a melanosarcoma or malignant melanoma, can spread rapidly both into lymph channels and through the bloodstream mass a growth or tumor; a mass can be benign or malignant massage therapy medical treatment that involves manipulation of the body tissues with a focus on muscles, circulation, and the nervous system mast cell tumor a common skin tumor in the dog that is also seen occasionally in the cat; mast cell tumors can metastasize to other sites in the body, usually by the lymph nodes and lymph channels Mastectomy surgical removal of the whole breast, in radical mastectomy the chest muscles and under-arm lymph nodes are also removed.
medical history information about a person's past health, their family's health, and other issues. Medulloblastoma Is a tumor arising in a part of the brain stem called the medulla. It is nearly always found in children or young adults, 80% are found in children aged under 15. It can spread from the medulla (part of the brain stem) to the spine or to other parts of the body. Prognosis will depend on the child's age, how much of the tumor remains following surgery, and whether the cancer has metastasized. Melanocytes Special cells in the skin and the eye that produce melanin or pigment. Clusters of melanocytes often appear on the skin as moles. melanin: The pigment produced by the body that gives skin and irises (the colored portion of the eye) their color. Melanin also helps protect the skin from the sun's damaging rays. Melanoma Cancer that begins in the melanocytes and spreads to other skin cells. Melanoma appears on the skin and looks like a new or changing mole. meridians parallel channels of energy that flows throughout the body and are modified with the application of acupuncture Merkel cell cancer Merkel cell cancer (also known as trabecular cancer, or neuroendocrine cancer of the skin) is a rare type of malignancy developing on or just beneath the skin. These tumors can develop at any age, but the peak incidence is between ages 60 - 80. They are more frequent in white people, the most common sites of diseases are the face or scalp and other areas of high sun exposure. Meta-Analysis is where data from a number of studies are lumped together in order to provide evidence for or against a hypothesis. Metastasis Where the cancer has spread to other parts of the body beyond the primary site. Metastatic sites (secondary) my be regional or distant from the original tumors. Monoclonal-Antibody An antibody produced in the laboratory that can target specific antigens (substances that provoke an immune response). They can be made in large quantities, and are being tested for their use in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Morbidity Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In this sense, sickness, illness, and a morbid condition are synonymous. Mortality Looking at the death rates caused by a disease. mucositis a side effect of radiation therapy in which the mucous membranes that line the mouth develop irritation and ulceration; mucositis is a temporary event multifocal a term used to indicate that disease is present in more than one location in the body Multiple-Myeloma A cancer of the white blood cells found in the bone marrow. mutation any change in a gene. Myelodysplasia Abnormal production and maturation of blood cells; often leading to deficiency of red cells, white cells and platelets; sometimes leading to bone marrow failure or leukemia. myelogram a medical test that uses X-rays to examine the spine. myelosuppression lack of production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow, often caused by damage induced by chemotherapy N nasgastric tube (N-G tube) a small-diameter, soft rubber tube that is passed through a nostril, through the nasal passages, and down the esophagus into the stomach for delivery of liquid nutrients, bypassing the mouth needle biopsy removal of cells from a tumor by way of a hollow needle and syringe; the cells are then analyzed by a veterinary clinical pathologist; this procedure is also called fine needle aspirate Neoplasm A new growth of tissue serving no physiological function nephrologist a doctor who diagnoses and treats kidney problems. Nephrotoxicity Some anti cancer drugs may have the side effect of damaging the kidneys, for example ifosfamide and cisplatin are known to be nephrotoxic. There are two categories; glomerular and tubular toxicity relating to the two main areas of the nephron. In studies of ifosfamide the degree of nephrotoxicity is thought to be related to the cumulative dose, but there is a good deal of variability between patients. Neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma occurs most often in babies, young children. It is a disease in which cancer cells are found in certain nerve cells in the body, it originates in the adrenal medulla or other sites of sympathetic nervous system tissue. The most common site is the abdomen, either in the adrenal glands or around the spinal cord. The majority of patients present with metastasis disease. Age and stage are the main prognostic factors. Patients aged under one year at diagnosis have a more favourable prognosis. Stage 4S are a special group of patients aged under one year whose neuroblastoma may undergo spontaneous regression (tumor disappears without treatment). Also patients aged under one a higher proportion of low stage patients compared to older patients. There is an excess of males compared to females, there are a higher proportion of males in patients with less favorable sites and stage. neurosurgeon a surgeon who specializes in the brain and nervous system. Neutropenia below normal levels of leukocytes in the blood. Febrile-neutropenia (neutropenia with fever) is a common toxicity following chemotherapy. Neutrophil Type of white blood cell; also called a poly; granulocyte; the body's primary defense against harmful bacteria. neutrophil a type of white blood cell, the body's main defense against illness and infection. Non-Hodgkin's-Lymphoma Any kind of cancer of the lymph tissues other than Hodgkin's disease nutritional therapy the use of specific nutrients of lifestyle diets to treat disease O Oedema abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces. oncogenes genes that cause cells to grow and duplicate. Under certain circumstances, oncogenes can mutate and cause cells to grow abnormally, leading to cancer. Oncologist A physician who, after extensive training, specializes in cancer treatment. Oncology A science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biologic properties and features of cancer, including causes and the disease process. ophthalmologist an ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, treats all kinds of eye problems and does surgery on the eye if needed. orthovoltage therapy another term for radiation therapy Osteogenic Sarcoma Osteogenic Sarcoma (osteosarcoma) is a bone forming cancer. It is the most frequent type of bone tumor and is most common between the ages of 15 to 25. Over 90% of tumors are located in the metaphysis (the growing ends of the bone), the most common sites are the long bones of the legs. Most tumors are solitary, around 2% are multifocal (2 or more bones). It is known that osteosarcoma can be radiation induced. Osteosarcomas vary greatly in radiological and pathological features and therefore needs careful diagnosis to differentiate this from other bone tumorss. Most are high grade intramedullary osteosarcomas, about 5% are low grade lesions, some are secondary osteosarcomas (for example those caused by radiation therapy). Osteomyelitis inflammation of bone - infection Osteoporosis reduction in bone mass = prone to fractures osteosarcoma a type of cancer originating in bone; this tumor is commonly seen in the dog, especially in the large or giant breeds; it is most frequently found in the bones of the legs; osteosarcomas are particularly malignant, spreading rapidly through the body via the bloodstream ovariohysterectomy surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries from the female animal P Paediatric-Oncology The branch of medicine which specializes in the study and treatment of childhood cancer. Treating children requires different considerations compared with adult oncology, for example potential treatment side effects may be different to those in adults. Because of the differences between childhood and adult cancers most children are treated in specialist pediatric oncology units, in the UK about 80% of children are treated at a UKCCSG centre. Paget's-Disease Not a cancer. Paget's disease is the most common bone disorder characterized by irregular thickening and softening of the bones. The disease is more common after the age of 40, and is frequent in those of European descent but rare in Asians. These is an association with this (non malignant) disease and bone cancer, up to 10% of those with Paget's disease will have a 'sarcomatous transformation' of affected bones giving rise to bone sarcoma. This may be osteosarcoma, fibro sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, or other bone sarcomas. Palliative-treatment treatment which relieves the symptoms and pain. Pancytopenia deficiency of all types of blood cells. Pap-Test This is a simple microscopic examination of cells, which can detect cancer of the cervix at an early stage. paraneoplastic event or syndrome a symptom or set of symptoms that result from cancer, but which are felt in the body far from the original tumor site Parenteral-Feeding A method of delivering nutrition or other substances directly into a vein. Fluids given usually include salt (saline), glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and medications. Pathologist A doctor who specializes in the nature, structure, and identification of disease. Pathology The branch of medicine concerned with disease, especially its structure and its functional effects on the body. pediatric oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating children who have cancer. pediatrician a physician who specializes in the physical, emotional, and social health of children from birth through adolescence. The primary focus of pediatrics is on preventive health care. Peripheral-Blood The blood in the bloodstream. Peripheral-Blood-Stem-Cell-Rescue (PBSC) Petechiae Tiny red dots on the skin due to bleeding under the skin caused by low platelet count. Phagocytosis Cell eating: the engulfment and destruction of dangerous microorganisms or cells by certain white blood cells, including neutrophils pharmacological and biological therapy treatment options involving drugs, vaccines, or other materials (e.g. shark cartilage) not yet accepted by the traditional medical establishment Phase-I Clinical Trial Tests new types of treatment and aim to define a safe dose that will be used for further studies. This is usually the first testing of a treatment on humans after extensive laboratory work. Recruitment for Phase I trials are usually from patients for whom no other effective therapy is known. Phase-II Clinical Trial Test the anti-cancer effects of the new treatment, and include very detailed toxicity investigations. If there is effective antitumoractivity, it may be incorporated in a future phase III study. Phase-III Clinical Trial Compare one or more treatments of proven efficacy. Often patients will be randomized between an established 'standard' treatment and a new 'experimental' treatment - it is not known which is the better treatment. . Photocoagulation A cancer treatment in which a laser is used to destroy blood vessels entering a tumor so that the tumor will be starved of oxygen and nutrients. physical therapist a specialist who uses exercises, stretches, and other techniques to help patients improve mobility, decrease pain, and reduce any disability related to illness or injury. Plasma A colorless fluid which contains water and other components in which red cells, white cells, and platelets are suspended. Plasma-Cells White blood cells Platelets A blood component that is instrumental in clot formation, which stops bleeding in injured areas and prevents hemorrhage. Blood cell fragments containing clotting factors which prevent bleeding and bruising. Polyp A benign growth protruding from a mucous membrane, commonly found in the nose, uterus, and rectum. Certain polyps, particularly those found in the colon, can become cancerous and may require surgical removal. port (or treatment port) a medical device inserted under the skin and attached to a vein that allows medications, blood products, and nutrients to be given intravenously. A port eliminates the need for repeated needle sticks to start an IV line or draw blood. preemptive pain management medicating to prevent pain and discomfort primary site in this case, the organ or area in the body where cancer begins. Type of cancer is always identified by its primary site, even it metastasizes, or spreads. For instance, if cancer begins in the liver but spreads to other organs, it is still classified as liver cancer. primary tumor the first, or original, tumor as opposed to one that has spread from another location Prognosis is the expected outcome of a disease. This may be influenced by a variety of factors such as stage, age, site etc. depending on the particular type of cancer. For example, in general a patient with localized disease may have a more favorable prognosis compared to a patient with widespread disease which may be less favorable. Prostate-Gland A gland in men that surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra. The prostate contributes to the production of seminal fluid. Prostate-Specific-Antigen test (PSA) test. A simple blood test used to detect prostate cancer in men. The test measures a specific antigen normally secreted by the prostate. If cancer is developing, the prostate secretes greater amounts of PSA. This test is recommended for men with an enlarged prostate and an increased risk of prostate cancer. Prosthesis an artificial replacement e.g. for an amputated limb. protein molecules that help the body function properly. The body uses protein from food to make specialized protein molecules that, for instance, make hemoglobin, the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Other proteins maintain muscles, bones, blood, and body organs. protocol the “recipe” of drugs used to treat a particular tumor, along with the doses and the schedule for administration of each drug Pruritus -Severe itching. Possibly due to a drug reaction. Pyrexia fever / abnormally high body temperature Q R radiation oncologist a medical specialist who plans, prescribes, and administers radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer radiation therapist a professional who is specially trained to operate equipment that delivers radiation therapy. Radiation-Enteritis functional disorder of the large and small bowel that occurs during or following a course of radiotherapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or rectum. Radiatiotherapy Cancer treatments which utilize high-energy waves or particles of radiation. radiograph the image produced on special film when X rays are passed through a part of the body; the x-rays are blocked to varying degrees by the tissues of the body, producing many shades of gray on the radiograph; denser tissues like bone block more x-rays and appear white, soft tissues like muscle block fewer x-rays and appear gray, and air blocks no x-rays and appear black radiologist a doctor who specializes in reading and interpreting X-rays and scans. Radiology The branch of medicine dealing with radioactive substances including the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. radiotherapy another term for radiation therapy Radiotherapy-Field the area towards which the radiotherapy was directed. Recessive (genetics) if the required allele (a type of gene) is not present in both members of a pair of chromosomes then that allele is not expressed. A mutation is said to be recessive if an individual must inherit two copies of the mutant gene, one from each parent, to show the mutant trait. Individuals with one mutant and one normal gene appear normal. They are called ÒcarriersÓ.
recurrence return of cancer after it has been treated Red-Blood-Cell red blood cell (erythrocyte): Oxygen-carrying cell in the blood which contains the pigment hemoglobin; produced in the bone marrow. Reed-Sternberg cells large, unusual cells that are a sign of Hodgkin disease. These cells are detected under a microscope after a biopsy. Reed-Sternberg-Cell A type of cell that indicates the presence of Hodgkin's disease. The number of these cells increases as the disease progresses. Refractory This is where the cancer is resistant to treatment. regimen a treatment plan or system. For cancer treatment, a regimen can include things like diet and exercise. Regional A tumor that has extended beyond the limits of the organ where it started, growing directly into surrounding organs or tissues, but has not spread to distant parts of the body. Relapse This is when the disease reoccurs after a period in remission. Remission is where the symptoms of cancer are no longer present. There is no longer any evidence of the disease using the available investigations. Resection Surgical removal of an area of tissue or of an entire organ. The surgical specimen may be examined by a pathologist to determine if it is likely to have removed all of the tumors. If there is any tumor left after surgery this may be macroscopic (visible to the eye) or microscopic, in either case radiotherapy may be needed to kill the remaining tumorcells. retinoblastoma a malignant tumor of the eye that usually appears in the first 3 years of life. rhabdomyosarcoma a tumor that grows in the soft tissues of the skeletal muscles (the body's muscles that a person controls for movement). Though these cancers can occur anywhere in the body, rhabdomyosarcomas most frequently happen within the muscles in the trunk, arms, or legs. Rickets disease-disturbance of normal ossification- bending and distortion of bones. Normally caused by vitamin D defficiency or possibly a dysfunction of the kidneys. Risk Factors Anything that has been identified as increasing an individual's chance of getting a disease. S Sarcoma. A cancerous growth of the bone, muscle, or connective tissues, usually appearing first as a painless swelling. Screening Tests that sort out apparently well persons who probably have a disease from those who probably do not. If positive, they would be referred to a physician for diagnosis. secondary tumor tumors made up of cells that have spread (metastasized) from the primary site to somewhere else in the body. serum biochemical profile blood tests that evaluate organ system functions, blood sugar, and levels of minerals in the body side effects unwanted reactions or effects to medication or therapy. In cancer treatment, common side effects include hair loss and fatigue. Sigmoidoscopy A procedure in which a scope is used to view the sigmoid flexure, a part of the colon that's shaped like the letter S. Skin-Cancer Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer and accounts for half of all new cancers in Western populations. It occurs more often in people with light colored skin who have had a high exposure to sunlight. The two most frequent types of skin cancer are Basal Cell Carcinomas and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (often grouped under "non-melanoma skin cancer"). The third most frequent skin cancer is Melanoma, this is a malignancy of the cells which give the skin it's color (melanocytes). In addition there are a number of other, less common cancers starting in the skin including Merkel cell tumors, cutaneous lymphomas, and sarcomas (see the pages on sarcoma and lymphoma in this guide). spinal tap/lumbar puncture a procedure in which a small amount of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord (the cerebrospinal fluid) is removed and examined. Squamous-Cell-Carcinoma A type of skin cancer arising in squamous cells (the flat, scaly cells on the surface of the skin). Cure rates are very high when detected and treated early. Stage Staging is where the disease is categorized as to how far it has spread. The precise staging system used will depend on the type of cancer the patient has. In general low stage patients are those with localized tumors that are easily delectable, whilst high stage patients are those with widespread metastases. The treatment given may largely depend upon which stage the patient is at diagnosis. staging an assessment of the extent of the tumor; the diagnostic procedures for staging are used to evaluate invasion of the tumor into bone or other surrounding tissue, cancer involvement in lymphatic and lymph nodes, and spread of tumor into other organs (hematogenous metastasis); tumors are usually described as Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, Stage IV, etc., depending on how far the tumor has spread; these stages are different for different kinds of cancer staging a way to categorize or classify patients according to how extensive the disease is at the time of diagnosis. stem cell transplant a procedure that involves introducing stem cells (cells found primarily in the bone marrow from which all types of blood cells develop) into the body in the hopes that the new cells will rebuild the immune system. Stem-Cells A" generalized" cell whose division results in other specialized cells. Its descendents have the potential to develop into several different types of mature cells. Surgery An operation surgical pathologist (histopathologist) a veterinary pathologist trained to identify and evaluate fixed, stained samples of tissue under the microscope Surgical-Oncology Treatment of cancer using surgery, usually to remove cancerous tumors and tissue. T T-Cell A small lymphocyte, made in the bone marrow, that circulates through the bloodstream. T-cells have several functions, and are especially important in the body's immune response. testicular cancer cancer that originates in the testicles. The most common cancer in males ages 15-35, testicular cancer is almost always curable if it is caught and treated early. Thrombocyte Platelet Thrombocytopenia Low platelet count. Thyroxine A hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It contains iodine which is essential for the body's normal growth, and metabolism. Following therapy for thyroid cancer many patients need to take thyroxin supplements in order to maintain normal weigh and body functions. total parenteral nutrition (TNP) a method of providing all necessary nutrients intravenously Total-Body-Irradiation radiation to the whole body Toxicity Side effects of treatment. Trephine saw to remove a circular disk of bone for testing Tumor An abnormal mass of tissue that is not inflammatory, arises from cells of pre-existent tissues, and serves no useful purpose. (UK spelling: tumors) tumor margin the border around a tumor’s outer perimeter that is carefully evaluated by the surgical pathologist to determine if all cancer cells have been removed at surgery Tumor-Infiltrating-Lymphocytes Special cancer-fighting cells of the immune system found in tumors. In a type of experimental therapy, scientists harvest these cells from the tumor, grow them in a laboratory, and then return them to the patient with the hope of the cells destroying the tumor. tumors-Marker A substance in the body that may indicate the presence of cancer. Markers may be secreted by the tumor itself or produced by the body in response to the cancer. tumor markers may aid diagnosis or give an indicator of how treatment is progressing. These markers are usually specific to certain types of cancer. For example neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is associated with a number of types of cancers, in particular neuroblastoma. Also alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels are often abnormally high in patients with Germ cell tumors. U Ultrasound The use of sound waves to image the underlying structures of the body. Ultrasonic waves are reflected differently depending on the type of tissue they pass through, aiding the detection of abnormal tissues. unilateral found on one side of the body; for example, cancer affecting only one kidney. urinalysis evaluation of the components of urine, including a microscopic examination and any cellular debris urologist a physician who specializes in diseases, disorders, and conditions of the urinary tract. V veterinary oncologist a doctor who specializes in treating cancer W White-Blood-Cell infection-fighting cells (lymphocytes) which are found in the blood and bone marrow. Wilms' tumors develops in the kidneys (also known as nephroblastoma). It is more common in children under 5 years of age and is quite different to adult kidney cancers. Prognosis will depend on stage and histology. The majority of patients present with tumor in one kidney, while some have tumor in both kidneys (bilateral). There are two histopathalogic groups; most patients have favorable histology while about 10% have unfavorable histology (anaplastic or sarcomatous). X X-Ray (1) Low dose radiation used to make images of internal body structures; or (2) High dose radiation used to treat cancer. x-ray therapy another term for radiation therapy Y Z
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